3.3. Het Europese Hof voor de rechten van de mens (hierna: EHRM) heeft in zijn uitspraak van 31 juli 2012 nr. 21203/10 na vermelding van de hiervoor onder 3.1 vermelde wetsbepalingen en de onder 3.2 sub (b), (e) en (f) weergegeven gedeelten van de wetsgeschiedenis het volgende overwogen en beslist:
"31. The Court has stated the applicable principles as follows (Medvedyev and Others v. France [GC],
no. 3394/03, §§ 76-80, ECHR 2010):
"76. The Court reiterates that Article 5 of the Convention protects the right to liberty and security. This right is of the highest importance 'in a democratic society' within the meaning of the Convention (see, amongst many other authorities, De Wilde, Ooms and Versyp v. Belgium, 18 June 1971, § 65, Series A no. 12, and Winterwerp v. the Netherlands, 24 October 1979, § 37, Series A no. 33).
77. All persons are entitled to the protection of this right, that is to say, not to be deprived, or continue to be deprived, of their liberty (see Weeks v. the United Kingdom, judgment of 2 March 1987, Series A no. 114, p. 22, § 40), save in accordance with the conditions specified in paragraph 1 of Article 5.
78. The list of exceptions to the right to liberty secured in Article 5 § 1 is an exhaustive one (see Quinn v. France, judgment of 22 March 1995, § 42, Series A no. 311, and Labita v. Italy [GC], no. 26772/95, § 170, ECHR 2000-IV), and only a narrow interpretation of those exceptions is consistent with the aim of that provision (see Engel and Others v. the Netherlands, 8 June 1976, § 58, Series A no. 22, and Amuur, cited above, § 42).
79. The Court further reiterates that where the 'lawfulness' of detention is in issue, including the question whether 'a procedure prescribed by law' has been followed, the Convention refers essentially to national law but also, where appropriate, to other applicable legal standards, including those which have their source in international law. In all cases it establishes the obligation to conform to the substantive and procedural rules of the laws concerned, but it also requires that any deprivation of liberty be compatible with the purpose of Article 5, namely, to protect the individual from arbitrariness (see, amongst many other authorities, Bozano v. France, 18 December 1986, § 54, Series A no. 111; Amuur, cited above, § 50; Ilascu and Others v. Moldova and Russia [GC], no. 8787/99, § 461, ECHR 2004-VII; Assanidze v. Georgia [GC], no. 71503/01, § 171, ECHR 2004-II; McKay v. the United Kingdom [GC], no. 543/03, § 30, ECHR 2006-X; and Mooren, cited above, § 76).
80. The Court stresses that where deprivation of liberty is concerned it is particularly important that the general principle of legal certainty be satisfied. It is therefore essential that the conditions for deprivation of liberty under domestic and/or international law be clearly defined and that the law itself be foreseeable in its application, so that it meets the standard of 'lawfulness' set by the Convention, a standard which requires that all law be sufficiently precise to avoid all risk of arbitrariness and to allow the citizen - if need be, with appropriate advice - to foresee, to a degree that is reasonable in the circumstances of the case, the consequences which a given action may entail (see, among other authorities, Amuur, cited above; Steel and Others v. the United Kingdom, 23 September 1998, § 54, Reports 1998-VII; Baranowski v. Poland, no. 28358/95, §§ 50-52, ECHR 2000-III; and Jecius v. Lithuania, no. 34578/97, § 56, ECHR 2000-IX)."
32. The Court will first consider the domestic legislation in issue. Article 38e of the Netherlands Criminal Code provides that the total duration of the TBS order shall not exceed a four-year period, unless the TBS order is imposed in connection with an indictable offence that is directed against, or endangers, the bodily inviolability of one or more persons (see paragraph 18 above). Article 359 § 7 of the Netherlands Code of Criminal Procedure provides that if a TBS order with an order for confinement in a custodial clinic has been imposed in connection with an indictable offence directed against, or endangering, the bodily inviolability of one or more persons, the judgment shall so indicate, giving reasons (see paragraph 19 above).
33. The Court will also have regard to the drafting history of Articles 38e of the Criminal Code and 359 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The passages excerpted above (see paragraph 20) make it clear that the domestic legislature intends the trial court which first imposes the TBS order with confinement in a custodial clinic to consider whether the indictable offence committed is such as to warrant an order of indeterminate length. If the trial court so finds, it must so state in its judgment, giving reasons therefor; if it does not, then the order cannot be indeterminate. It is not then for the court which decides on the extension of the order to substitute its own view of the matter for that of the trial court.
34. Turning to the facts of the case, the Court observes that the Roermond Regional Court, in the judgment of 22 April 2003 imposing the TBS order with confinement in a custodial clinic, found that the applicant had committed an interference with the mental integrity of the staff of the banks which he had robbed. That same court, in its decision of 18 August 2009 (see paragraph 13 above), held (albeit in a different composition) that the judgment could not be construed as finding the applicant guilty of an offence directed against, or endangering, the bodily inviolability of one or more persons. Such a finding occurs for the first time in the decision of the Arnhem Court of Appeal of 13 October 2009 (see paragraph 16 above).
35. The Court cannot but consider that the decision of the Court of Appeal is incompatible with Articles 38e of the Criminal Code and 359 § 7 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The drafting history of these provisions moreover removes any lingering doubt.
36. The foregoing considerations are sufficient to enable the Court to conclude that the applicant's continued detention beyond 29 August 2009 was not in accordance with domestic law. There has accordingly been a violation of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention."