12 That argument cannot be accepted, for it runs counter to the aim of the basic regulation, which, according to its sixth recital, is to establish a fair, uniform and neutral system of customs valuation excluding the use of arbitrary or fictitious customs values.
13 That objective, which meets the requirements of commercial practice, would not be attained if no account were taken of a buying agent' s actual function. Since such an agent acts on behalf of the importer, his function in relation to the purchase of goods is only one of representation and he bears no financial risks in the purchase. Consequently, even if he acts in his own name, his function is limited to participation as indirect representative in a contract of sale concluded in fact between his principal and the supplier.
14 The transaction to which reference must be made in order to determine the customs value in accordance with Article 3(1) of the basic regulation is accordingly the transaction between the manufacturer or supplier of the goods and the importer. The fact that that transaction is carried out through the medium of a buying agent is irrelevant in this regard since the financial risk connected with the transaction is assumed by the importer.
15 The reply to the first question must therefore be that the transaction between the manufacturer or supplier of goods, on the one hand, and the importer, on the other, is the transaction to be taken into account in the determination of the customs value in accordance with Article 3(1) of the basic regulation, if a buying agent has acted in his own name and has in fact represented the importer by acting on his behalf.
The determination of the customs value
16 Since it is established that the transaction between the manufacturer/supplier and the importer is the transaction to be taken into account in the determination of the customs value, the price in that transaction constitutes the customs value for the purposes of Article 3(1) of the basic regulation.
17 It follows that the sums paid by the importer to the buying agent for the service of representing him in the purchase of the goods in question constitute a buying commission which, according to Article 8(1)(a)(i) of the basic regulation, must not be included in the customs value.
18 The fact that the importer has entered the agent' s name as "seller" in his customs value declaration and has declared the price of the goods invoiced by the agent does not affect the customs value arising from the application of Article 3(1) of the basic regulation.
19 As the Advocate General observes in paragraphs 37 and 38 of his Opinion, the manner in which the importer actually completes the administrative formalities regarding the customs declaration in no way changes the substance of the legal situation, which is that only one transaction exists for the purposes of Article 3(1) of the basic regulation and that the importer has no choice in this regard.
20 As regards the second problem raised by the preliminary questions, the reply must therefore be that the price in the transaction between the manufacturer or supplier, on the one hand, and the importer, on the other, constitutes the customs value for the purposes of Article 3(1) of the basic regulation. The buying commission is not to be included in that value even when the importer has described the buying agent as the seller and has declared the price of the goods as invoiced by that agent.