Conclusie
eiser tot cassatie,
advocaat: B.M.H. Fleuren
verweerders in cassatie,
advocaat: J. den Hoed
1.Inleiding
2.Feiten en procesverloop
insideraldaar gehoord dat er valse akten zijn opgesteld. Zij verwoordde die informatie als volgt op maart 2019 aan haar advocaat (bijlage 7):
You have to know that [advocaat A] told them to make that false agreement between [getuige] and Springfield” en “
Did [advocaat A] encourage them to do so?” “
Yes”;
You have to know that [advocaat A] told them to make that false agreement between [getuige] and Springfield" en “
Did [advocaat A] encourage them to do so?"
[de bestuurder] heeft kort na 11 februari 2019, de dag dat deze akten naar de rechtbank ingezonden zijn voor de zitting van 12 februari 2019, ook van een insider aldaar gehoord dat er valse akten zijn opgesteld. Zij verwoordde die informatie als volgt op maart 2019 aan haar advocaat”
Ik heb hem zelf nergens van beschuldigd. Ik heb gezegd dat ik niet kan beoordelen ofde informatie juist is en dat dat nader moet worden onderzocht. Ik sluit aan bij de eigen wetenschap van mijn cliënt.”
3.Ontvankelijkheid van het cassatieberoep
4.Bespreking van het cassatiemiddel
Schöpfer, cited above, p. 1054, § 34, and
Prince v. the United Kingdom, no. 11456/85 (https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng), Commission decision of 13 March 1986, Decisions and Reports 46, p. 222). Nor can the Court find that the applicant's criticism of the prosecutor, being of a procedural character, amounted to personal insult (see
W.R. v. Austria, no. 26602/95 (https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng), Commission decision of 30 June 1997 (unreported) in which counsel had described the opinion of a judge as “ridiculous”, and
Mahler v. Germany, no. 29045/95 (https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng), Commission decision of 14 January 1998 (unreported), where counsel had asserted that the prosecutor had drafted the bill of indictment “in a state of complete intoxication”).
ex post factoreview of counsel’s criticism of another party to criminal proceedings – which the public prosecutor doubtless must be considered to be – is difficult to reconcile with defence counsel’s duty to defend their clients’ interests zealously. It follows that it should be primarily for counsel themselves, subject to supervision by the bench, to assess the relevance and usefulness of a defence argument without being influenced by the potential “chilling effect” of even a relatively light criminal penalty or an obligation to pay compensation for harm suffered or costs incurred.
Amihalachioaie v. Moldova, no. 60115/00 (https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng), § 27, ECHR 2004III;
Nikula, cited above, § 45; and
Schöpfer, cited above, pp. 1052-53, §§ 29-30, with further references).
Nikula, cited above, §§ 54-55).
Nikula, cited above, § 54, and
Steur, cited above, § 44). They might for instance feel constrained in their choice of pleadings, procedural motions, etc., during proceedings before the courts, possibly to the potential detriment of their client’s case. For the public to have confidence in the administration of justice they must have confidence in the ability of the legal profession to provide effective representation. The imposition of a prison sentence on defence counsel can in certain circumstances have implications not only for the lawyer's rights under Article 10 but also the fair trial rights of the client under Article 6 of the Convention (see
Nikula, cited above, § 49, and
Steurcited above, § 37). It follows that any “chilling effect” is an important factor to be considered in striking the appropriate balance between courts and lawyers in the context of an effective administration of justice.”
Nikula, cited above, § 49, and
Steur, cited above, § 37). Lawyers have the duty to “defend their clients’ interests zealously” (see
Nikula, cited above, § 54), which means that they sometimes have to decide whether or not they should object to or complain of the conduct of the court (see
Kyprianou, cited above, § 175). In addition, the Court takes into consideration the fact that the impugned remarks are not repeated outside the courtroom and it makes a distinction depending on the person concerned; thus, a prosecutor, who is a “party” to the proceedings, has to “tolerate very considerable criticism by ... defence counsel”, even if some of the terms are inappropriate, provided they do not concern his general professional or other qualities (see
Nikula, cited above, §§ 51-52;
Foglia, cited above, § 95; and
Roland Dumas, cited above, § 48).”
Mor, cited above, § 59). (…) Nevertheless, when making public statements, a lawyer is not exempted from his duty of prudence in relation to the secrecy of a pending judicial investigation (see
Mor, cited above, §§ 55-56).
Karpetas, cited above, § 78; see also
A. v. Finland(dec.), no. 44998/98 (https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng), 8 January 2004), nor can they proffer insults (see
Coutant, cited above). In the circumstances in
Gouveia Gomes Fernandes and Freitas e Costa(cited above, § 48), the use of a tone that was not insulting but caustic, or even sarcastic, in remarks about judges was regarded as compatible with Article 10. The Court assesses remarks in their general context, in particular to ascertain whether they can be regarded as misleading or as a gratuitous personal attack (see
Ormanni v. Italy, no. 30278/04 (https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng), § 73, 17 July 2007, and
Gouveia Gomes Fernandes and Freitas e Costa, cited above, § 51) and to ensure that the expressions used have a sufficiently close connection with the facts of the case (see
Feldek v. Slovakia, no. 29032/95 (https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng), § 86, ECHR 2001VIII, and
Gouveia Gomes Fernandes and Freitas e Costa, cited above).
Le Monde, served precisely to fulfil his task of defending his client – a task that was for him to determine. However, while it is not in dispute that the impugned remarks fell within the context of the proceedings, they were aimed at investigating judges who had been removed from the proceedings with final effect at the time they were made. The Court therefore fails to see how his statements could have directly contributed to his task of defending his client, since the judicial investigation had by that time been entrusted to another judge who was not the subject of the criticism.
Mor, cited above, § 61), it nevertheless constitutes a criminal sanction and, in any event, that fact cannot suffice, in itself, to justify the interference with the applicant’s freedom of expression (see
Brasilier, cited above, § 43). The Court has emphasised on many occasions that interference with freedom of expression may have a chilling effect on the exercise of that freedom (see,
mutatis mutandis,
Cumpănă and Mazăre v. Romania[GC], no. 33348/96 (https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng), § 114, ECHR 2004XI, and
Mor, cited above) – a risk that the relatively moderate nature of a fine would not suffice to negate (see
Dupuis and Others v. France, no. 1914/02 (https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng), § 48, 7 June 2007). It should also be noted that imposing a sanction on a lawyer may have repercussions that are direct (disciplinary proceedings) or indirect (in terms, for example, of their image or the confidence placed in them by the public and their clients). The Court would, moreover, reiterate that the dominant position of the State institutions requires the authorities to show restraint in resorting to criminal proceedings (see paragraph 127 above). The Court observes, however, that in the present case the applicant’s punishment was not confined to a criminal conviction: the sanction imposed on him was not the “lightest possible”, but was, on the contrary, of some significance, and his status as a lawyer was even relied upon to justify greater severity.”
subonderdeel 3avan het middel klaagt? Dit subonderdeel voert onder verwijzing naar de uitspraak Morice/Frankrijk van het EHRM aan dat de uitingsvrijheid van de advocaat alleen in uitzonderlijke omstandigheden mag worden beperkt, dat uitlatingen van een advocaat met terughoudendheid moeten worden beoordeeld en dat dus, anders dan het hof overweegt, wel een bijzondere regel voor advocaten geldt.
subonderdeel 1a), als in het licht van hetgeen [advocaat B1] in deze procedure heeft aangevoerd (
subonderdeel 1b). Voor de vaststaande feiten verwijst het onderdeel naar de feiten die het hof vaststelt in rov. 2 en die hiervoor in 2.1 zijn weergegeven. Die feiten zijn ook hiervoor in 4.23 (met uitzondering van de laatste zin daarvan, die een toevoeging is) en 4.26 vermeld. Voor hetgeen [advocaat B1] heeft aangevoerd, verwijst het onderdeel naar hetgeen hiervoor in 4.27 is weergegeven en naar de daar in de voetnoten genoemde vindplaatsen in de stukken. Voorts wordt in subonderdeel 1b aangevoerd dat het oordeel van het hof in rov. 3.8 dat [advocaat B1] zich niet heeft gedistantieerd van de uitlatingen, onbegrijpelijk is in het licht van hetgeen [advocaat B1] heeft aangevoerd. In dit verband verwijst het subonderdeel naar hetgeen [advocaat B1] bij pleidooi in hoger beroep heeft aangevoerd. Zie daarvoor opnieuw hiervoor in 4.27.