Conclusie
1.De uitspraak waarvan herziening wordt gevraagd
2.De aanvraag tot herziening
3.De uitspraak van het EHRM in de zaak van de aanvrager tegen Nederland
Shmorgunov and Others v. Ukraine, nos. 15367/14 and 13 others, § 491, 21 January 2021). It notes that where both sides – demonstrators and police – were involved in violent acts, it is sometimes necessary to examine who started the violence (see
Primov and Others v. Russia, no. 17391/06, § 157, 12 June 2014).
Kudrevičius and Others, cited above, § 94).
Christian Democratic People’s Party v. Moldova(no. 2), no. 25196/04, § 23, 2 February 2010).
Navalnyy, cited above, § 103, with further references). Thus, an interference may consist in,
inter alia, dispersal of a gathering or the arrest of participants, and penalties imposed for having taken part in a gathering (ibid.).”
Kudrevičius and Others, cited above, §§ 98-99 and 155-57;
Tuskia and Others v. Georgia, no. 14237/07, §§ 74-75, 11 October 2018;
Ekrem Can and Others v. Turkey, no. 10613/10, §§ 82-85, 8 March 2022; and
Bumbeș v. Romania, no. 18079/15, §§ 47-48, 3 May 2022).
Drieman and Others v. Norway(dec.), no. 33678/96, 4 May 2000), this did not, of itself, remove the applicants’ participation in it from the scope of protection of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly under Article 11 of the Convention. As noted above (see paragraph 52), such state of affairs might have implications for any assessment of “necessity” to be carried out under the second paragraph of this provision (
Kudrevičius and Others, cited above, § 97). The Court also reiterates that the question of whether a gathering falls within the autonomous concept of “peaceful assembly” in paragraph 1 of Article 11 and the scope of protection afforded by that provision is independent of whether that gathering was conducted in accordance with a procedure provided for by the domestic law (see
Navalnyy, cited above, § 99), such as a duty of prior notification.
Gül and Others v. Turkey, no. 4870/02, §§ 41-42, 8 June 2010;
Christian Democratic People’s Party, cited above, § 27; and
Primov and Others, cited above, § 135). Nor can any such intentions or behaviour be inferred in itself from the fact that several participants brought air mattresses or wore balaclavas or other disguises (with respect to the wearing of balaclavas, compare
Ibragimova v. Russia, no. 68537/13, § 39, 30 August 2022; see also point 60 of General Comment No. 37 of the Human Rights Committee, cited in paragraph 33 above).
Karpyuk and Others v. Ukraine, nos. 30582/04 and 32152/04, §§ 207-08 and 211, 6 October 2015;
Mushegh Saghatelyan v. Armenia, no. 23086/08, §§ 233-35, 20 September 2018; and
Laguna Guzman v. Spain, no. 41462/17, § 35, 6 October 2020; all with further references).
Ezelin v. France, 26 April 1991, § 53, Series A no. 202, and
Gün and Others v. Turkey, no. 8029/07, § 83, 18 June 2013 and compare points 86 and 87 of the OSCE/Venice Commission Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly, cited in paragraph 32 above). Since it does not appear from the materials in the case file that the applicants – who must be presumed to have had peaceful intentions in the absence of sufficient and convincing evidence to the contrary (compare
Karpyuk and Others, §§ 198-207, and
Mushegh Saghatelyan, §§ 230-33, both cited above) – personally set off smoke bombs, threw objects or kicked out in the direction of the police, or otherwise resorted or incited to violence, the Court finds that the conduct during the gathering for which they were held responsible was not of such a nature and degree as to remove their participation in it from the scope of protection of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly under Article 11 of the Convention (see, by contrast,
Razvozzhayev v. Russia and Ukraine and Udaltsov v. Russia, nos. 75734/12 and 2 others, § 284, 19 November 2019).
ratione materiaein the present case, and that their arrest, prosecution and conviction amounted to an interference with their right to freedom of peaceful assembly. The Court therefore dismisses the Government’s objection.”
Kudrevičius and Others(cited above, §§ 108-10 and 140) and confirmed and further developed in
Navalnyy(cited above, §§ 114-15 and 120-22).
Kudrevičius and Others, cited above, § 140;
Oya Ataman v. Turkey, no. 74552/01, § 32, ECHR 2006 XIV; and
Éva Molnár v. Hungary, no. 10346/05, § 34, 7 October 2008).
Kudrevičius and Others, § 142, and
Mushegh Saghatelyan, § 238, both cited above).
Kudrevičius and Others, cited above, § 143, and
Körtvélyessy v. Hungary, no. 7871/10, § 26, 5 April 2016).
Navalnyy, cited above, § 99).
Obote v. Russia, no. 58954/09, § 43, 19 November 2019, and Malofeyeva v. Russia, no. 36673/04, § 141, 30 May 2013; see also, mutatis mutandis,
L. v. the Netherlands, no. 45582/99, §§ 40-42, ECHR 2004-IV).