Uitspraak
RECHTBANK DEN HAAG
de staatssecretaris van Veiligheid en Justitie, verweerder,
Procesverloop
Overwegingen
Er was geen uitleg. Er is een sms gekomen en daarin werden ze bedreigd met de dood, zonder uitleg” (p.13 NG). Op de vraag of wel duidelijk is geworden waarom haar broers werden bedreigd heeft eiseres verklaard: “
Nee, want uiteindelijk zijn mijn ouders ook uit Benghazi vertrokken”(p. 14 NG). Daarnaast acht verweerder niet ten onrechte van belang dat de bedreigingen zouden hebben plaatsgevonden drie jaar na opheffing van de stichting en dat de oprichter van de stichting, broer [naam] , momenteel nog steeds in Libië verblijft. Nu niet aannemelijk is geworden dat de broers problemen hebben gehad vanwege hun werk voor de stichting heeft verweerder niet ten onrechte ook niet aannemelijk geacht dat eiseres in de negatieve belangstelling van de/een militie staat omdat zij de zus is van de oprichter van de stichting.
allepartijen in het conflict mensenrechten schenden, aldus het Upper Tribunal. Naast de drie voornaamste machtsblokken (de Government of National Accord, de National Salvation Government en Marshall Khalifa Haftar) zijn in Libië wellicht 1700 verschillende gewapende groeperingen actief (rechtsoverwegingen 27 tot en met 31).
A different, but related, problem identified in the evidence is the rise in crime. Ms Pargeter explained that ordinary Libyans, having previously lived in a very centralised and authoritarian country, now find crime to be rife and are living in fear of it all of the time.(…)
In the absence of any law and order this has become big business, funding militias and criminals alike. She pointed out that the lines between criminal gangs, whose motivation might be thought to be pure financial gain, and the militias, who are ostensibly political, are becoming increasingly blurred. It is all too easy for civilians to get caught in the way of their activities”. En in overweging 65:
“In his 4th April 2017 briefing to the Security Council the Secretary-General described crime as "endemic", and attributed the increase to the "state of general lawlessness and the weakness of judicial institutions". In common with Ms Pargeter, the SG was unable to make a distinction between 'pure' crime, and that perpetrated to fund ostensibly political activity:" Armed groups from all sides continued to abduct, torture and kill civilians. Individuals were targeted for their political opinions, affiliations, family or tribal identity, and also for ransom or prisoner exchange.”
We note that these people are not seeking to avoid civil unrest, or socio-economic deprivation. There is a clear correlation between the internal movement of persons and conflict: of those interviewed by IOM, 91% said that they had been displaced by conflict and armed groups. Seventy-four percent said that this remained the reason that they were unable to return home. The other main obstacles to return were identified as 'other security issues', the presence of explosive hazards and damaged infrastructure.”