Uitspraak
uitspraak van de enkelvoudige kamer in de zaken tussen
[eiseres 1] ,
[eiseres 2] ,
de minister van Asiel en Migratie, de minister,
Inleiding
Beoordeling door de rechtbank
(…)The terms "social leader" and "human rights defender" are sometimes used interchangeably by sources. As noted above, for the purposes of this document, the term "human rights defender" is interpreted to include the concept of "social leader". [4]
Despite the Government’s efforts, the situation of human rights defenders continues to be of concern. The implementation of laws, policies, and other mechanisms designed to protect human rights defenders and other people at risk from human rights violations and abuses has often been poor. The Constitutional Court has indicated that human rights defenders in Colombia face "high" levels of risk and that the State must provide them with additional protection. Colombia is considered one of the most dangerous countries for human rights defenders.” [5]
Human rights defenders are subjected to threats, forced disappearances, killings, forced displacement, theft of personal information and information related to the projects they are participating in, arbitrary detention, attacks, criminalization, and sexual violence. Victims include leaders of ethnic communities; leaders of community, youth, peasants', and victims' organizations (…). Family members of human rights defenders have also been targeted. The targeting of human rights defenders is perpetrated by post-demobilization groups, post-FARC-EP irregular armed groups, the ELN and, to a certain extent, national security forces. (…).” [6]
UNHCR considers that human rights defenders – including leaders of ethnic communities; leaders of community, youth, peasants', and victims' organizations (…) - are likely to be in need of international refugee protection on the basis of a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of their (imputed) political opinion or their ethnicity.” [7]
“Violence against Human Rights Defenders and Other People at Risk
Algemeen Ambtsbericht Colombia, 27 juni 2024:
3.7.1 Risico’s voor sociale leiders
De Defensoría telde met 181 vermoorde sociale leiders in 2023 een daling van het aantal moorden met 16% ten opzichte van 2022. Het totale aantal moorden op sociale leiders was volgens cijfers van Indepaz daarentegen in 2023 ten opzichte van 2022 nagenoeg gelijk gebleven: respectievelijk 188 en 187. In 2021 was het aantal vermoorde sociale leiders met 252 het hoogst in tien jaar tijd geweest. Sinds 2016 was het aantal nooit onder de 100 geweest. OHCHR kwam met een geverifieerd aantal van 105 moorden op sociale leiders in 2023. (…).” [9]
OHCHR stelde dat niet-statelijke gewapende groeperingen verantwoordelijk waren voor 74% van de geverifieerde moorden.” [10]
3.5.3 Daadwerkelijke bescherming
1.5.3 Moorden op sociale leiders en ex-strijders van de FARC
3.8.1 Sociale leiders in het algemeen
Gezien het profiel van diegenen die vermoord werden, waren het met name leiders die zich inzetten voor het vredesverdrag en de implementatie van dit verdrag; leiders die zich verzetten tegen de activiteiten van de illegale gewapende groeperingen; leiders die verzet boden tegen bepaalde economische belangen, zowel legale als illegale en diegenen die zich sterk maakten voor de rechten van etnische groeperingen, vrouwen, leden van vakbonden en de LHBTI-gemeenschap.(…).” [14]
Activisten die zich verzetten tegen het rekruteren van kinderen waren ook het doelwit van bedreigingen en fysiek geweld. HRW schreef over de moord op vier activisten in 2019 die zich inzetten voor kinderrechten. OHCHR en het Openbaar Ministerie zouden onderzoeken of deze activisten vermoord waren vanwege hun verzet tegen het rekruteren van minderjarigen door illegale gewapende groeperingen. (…).” [15]
Volgens ICG zouden openbare aanklagers de meeste opgeloste moorden toeschrijven aan dissidente facties van de FARC en lokale bendes zonder nationaal netwerk. Freedom House schreef echter dat met name de neo-paramilitaire organisaties verantwoordelijk waren voor de moorden op “activisten”. Bedreigingen worden geuit om mensen zich gedeisd te laten houden, om mensen aan te sporen zich niet langer voor bepaalde rechten sterk te laten maken, om mensen te verjagen of hen aan te sporen juist binnen de grenzen van een gebied dat in handen is van een bepaalde gewapende groep te blijven. Sociale leiders worden door illegale gewapende groeperingen gezien als een obstakel voor hun
E2 Is there freedom for nongovernmental organizations, particularly those that are engaged in human rights– and governance-related work?
Afro-Colombians, who account for as much as 25 percent of the population, make up the largest segment of the more than 7 million people who have been displaced by violence. Areas with concentrated Afro-Colombian populations continue to suffer vastly disproportionate levels of abuse by guerrillas, security forces, and criminal groups. UN officials have reported that impunity is nearly absolute for killers of Afro-Colombian and Indigenous ex-combatants and social leaders.” [18]
Colombia is described as one of the most dangerous countries in the world for human rights defenders. Attacks against environmental activists in Colombia during 2021 were also described as ‘persistent’. Peasant leaders and those involved in making land restitution claims, particularly in PDET zones, experienced poor security conditions and have been subjected to threats, disappearances, and homicides. Social leaders and human rights defenders experience threats, attacks, harassment, and killings by illegal armed groups and criminal organisations. In addition they encounter stigmatisation and criminalisation by state actors. Their family members are also attacked, harassed, and intimidated.
“7.1.1. Nature of the targeting
The Duque administration perceived targeting of social leaders as a criminal matter resulting from ‘unscrupulous criminal competition and the climate of violence’ promoted by crime. However, civil society groups and political opponents in Colombia perceive the killings as intended as a political message: social leaders are associated with the fulfilment of the peace agreement, land rights, and the fulfilment of ethnic and indigenous rights which are ‘politically inconvenient’ and threatening to the economic and security interests of armed groups. The targeting pattern involves ‘increased risks’ to social and community leaders who are caught up between the interests of competing groups seeking to exercise control over the territory and population. The Public Prosecutor’s Office explained: when armed groups arrive in a territory, the first people they approach are the community’s leaders, and they give them three options: ‘work with them, to close their eyes and shut up, or to leave’. Many social leaders are killed because of their influence in the community and to weaken the resolve of the community, allowing illegal armed groups to obtain access to their territories.
The largest number of threats to social leaders have come as a result of their denouncing drug trafficking in the neighbourhood ollas (selling points) that fuel consumption of basuco (local crack cocaine) and marijuana, the latter being used to recruit youth and children’.” [21]
Moord op sociale leiders
The NGO National Association of Displaced Afro-descendants stated threats and violence against Afro-Colombian leaders and communities caused high levels of forced displacement, especially in the Pacific coast region.” [22]
“2.3 Treatment by Armed Groups
“5. State Protection
Areas with concentrated Afro-Colombian populations continue to suffer vastly disproportionate levels of abuse by guerrillas, security forces, and criminal groups, as well as higher poverty and lack of public services. UN officials have reported that impunity is nearly absolute for killers of Afro-Colombian and Indigenous ex-combatants and social leaders.