Uitspraak
Rechtbank Rotterdam
1.Onderzoek op de terechtzitting
1 november 2016.
2.Tenlastelegging
3.Eis officier van justitie
- bewezenverklaring van het tenlastegelegde feit;
- veroordeling van [de verdachte rechtspersoon] tot een geldboete van € 500.000,--.
4.Ontvankelijkheid officier van justitie
5.Vrijspraak
De oliewinning in het olieveld [naam olieveld] wordt uitgevoerd door [de verdachte rechtspersoon].
); een drijvend vaartuig c.q. offshore-platform, bestemd om geproduceerde vloeistoffen en ruwe aardolie te kunnen verpompen, genaamd de FPSO [naam FPSO]. Deze 310 meter lange FPSO heeft olieopslag-, olieproductie- en gasbehandelingscapaciteit.
.Het produced water bevatte naast water, olie en diverse soorten chemicaliën zoals methanol, corrosion inhibitor, scale inhibitor, emulsion breaker, biocides [1] .
- a)
- b)
Artikel 1 lid 3 aanhef Pro en sub a EVOA heeft zijn oorsprong in artikel 1 lid 4 van Pro het Verdrag van Bazel en is nagenoeg gelijkluidend is aan dat artikel. Artikel 1 lid 4 van Pro het Verdrag van Bazel luidt: “
Wastes which derive from the normal operations of a ship, the discharge of which is covered by another international instrument, are excluded from the scope of this Convention”.
Legal analyses of the application of the Basel Convention to hazardous and other wastes generated on board shipsd.d. 18 februari 2013 (hierna Legal analyses). In aanmerking nemende dat artikel 1 lid 3 aanhef Pro en sub a EVOA is gebaseerd op artikel 1 lid 4 van Pro het Verdrag van Bazel en gelet op de totstandkomingsgeschiedenis van voormelde Legal analyses, is de inhoud van die Legal analyses van groot belang voor de uitleg van artikel 1 lid 3 aanhef Pro en sub a EVOA. De volgende overwegingen in de Legal analyses worden in het bijzonder van belang geacht in het kader van de beoordeling van de reikwijdte van artikel 1 lid 4 van Pro het Verdrag van Bazel en dus van artikel 1 lid 3 aanhef Pro en sub a EVOA:
- In accordance with Article 31 of the Vienna Convention, a treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to thetermsof the treaty in theircontextand in the light of itsobject and purposes(onder 23);
- In defining the wastes covered by the Convention it is important to recall that it is primarily the nature of the wastes involved - not the process by which they are generated or who generate them – that is the basis for defining the scope of the Basel Convention. (…) Hence, there is apparently no justification under the Basel legal regime to treat differently the wastes stemming from “normal” or “abnormal” operations, whether on board of off board ships. In light of the object and purposes of the Basel Convention: it is primarily the listing in the Annexes that determines whether a specific substance is covered by Marpol, not the process through which such substances are generated., unless, obviously that process is prohibited(onder 28);
- In as much as the use of the terms “normal operations” cannot be interpreted in isolation of the rest of the first part of the Article, of the context of the Convention and without taking into account its object and purpose, it would appear that a helpful approach tot the use of the word “normal operations” in Article 1, paragraph 4 could XXXort he this word was intended to serve as a marker to identify, without specifically mentioning it, MARPOL, as opposed tot the LC/LP. In light of all the above, and by virtue of the application of Article 31 of the Vienna Convention, the first part of Article 1 paragraph 4 of the Basel Convention should be taken tot mean “Marpol wastes”(onder 29);
- Article 32 of the Vienna Convention authorizes the resourse to supplementary means of interpretation, including the preparatory work of the treaty and the circumstances of its conclusion, in order to confirm the meaning resulting from the application of Article 31. (…) There is no indication in the travaux préparatoires as XXXort h rationale XXXort he choice – at the time – of the terminolgy “normal operations”. (…) As a consequence, the use of the terminology “normal operations” was perhaps at the time left very wide on purpose as it is too difficult to map all kind of operations that may exist – at present or in the future – on board ships(onder 31);
- Hence, by virtue of the application of Articles 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention, this legal analysis suggests that “Wastes which derive from the normal operations of a ship, the discharge of which is covered by another international instrument…’” means wastes falling within the scope of MARPOL(onder 32).
Lozingen in zee mogen geen chemicaliën of andere stoffen bevatten in hoeveelheden of concentraties die schadelijk zijn voor het mariene milieu, noch chemicaliën of andere stoffen die worden aangewend om de in dit voorschrift aangegeven lozingsvoorwaarden te ontduiken.
Olierestanten die niet in zee kunnen worden geloosd volgens de bepalingen van dit voorschrift dienen aan boord te worden gehouden om naderhand bij ontvangstinrichtingen te worden afgegeven.
release of harmful substances directly arising from the exploration, exploitation and associated off-shore processing of seabed mineral resources”.