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The Court notes that the EMA is not a measure imposed under criminal law, but a measure governed by administrative law provisions. Classification in domestic law is not, however, decisive for the purposes of to be given to the term “criminal charge” (cf. Demicoli v. Malta judgment of 27 August 1991, Series A no. 210, pp. 15-16, § 31).
The Court further notes that the EMA, as indicated by its very title, has an educational character in that it appears to be aimed at raising, by teaching sessions, the awareness of a specific category of holders of a driving licence about the dangers of driving under the influence of alcohol.
As to the nature and degree of severity of the “penalty”, the Court recalls that the concept of a “penalty” in Article 7 of the Convention, like the concept of a “criminal charge” in Article 6 § 1 of the Convention, is an autonomous one and that, in assessing this issue, the Court is not bound by the indications furnished by domestic law, which have only a relative value. It is for the Court to determine whether the application of the EMA had the de facto effect of bringing a “criminal charge” against the applicant on account of its nature and repercussions (cf. Escoubet v. Belgium, loc. cit., § 35).
As to the nature of the EMA, the Court notes that the relevant statutory and secondary rules do not presuppose any finding of guilt. Although the application of the rules governing the EMA may be triggered off by the results of an alcohol test taken by the police from the person concerned, its application is totally independent of any criminal proceedings which may be brought in relation to the results of this alcohol test taken.
The imposition of an EMA appears to be a measure aimed at securing the safety of both the person concerned as well as other road-users, in that it is designed to raise the awareness of the person concerned of the dangers of driving under the influence of alcohol. The Court considers that it should be compared with the procedure of issuing a driving licence, which is undoubtedly an administrative procedure, and which is aimed at ensuring that a driver possesses the required skills and knowledge of the relevant traffic rules for driving on a public road, and realises the importance of responsible and correct conduct on the public road. Where the conduct of a driver holding a licence gives rise to doubts as to these elements, the Court cannot regard it as unreasonable that such a person is required to follow a refresher course in order to remedy the shortcomings found.
This is not altered by the fact that the costs of an EMA are to be borne by the person concerned. The Court considers that these costs, as well as the obligation to make 3½ days available to attend this course, are to be compared to the time and costs spent on lessons or examinations to be taken by persons seeking to obtain a driving licence. The Court cannot find that these elements are sufficient for allowing the EMA to be classified as a “criminal penalty”. It is furthermore not altered by the fact that, in case of failure to comply with an EMA, the Minister may decide to declare a driving licence invalid as this can be compared with failing to pay for or to take an examination for the purposes of obtaining a driving licence. The Court is of the opinion that to declare a driving licence invalid on such grounds is to be distinguished from disqualification for driving, as the latter is a measure ordered by the criminal court in the context of, and after the outcome of, a criminal prosecution. In such a case, the criminal court assesses and qualifies the facts constituting the offence which may give rise to disqualification, before imposing this as a secondary penalty for a period it deems appropriate.
In these circumstances, the Court is of the opinion that Article 6 is not applicable under its criminal head. It follows that this part of the application is also incompatible ratione materiae with the provisions of the Convention within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 of the Convention.
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