III.
De uitspraak van het EHRM in de zaak van de aanvrager tegen Nederland
7. De aangever heeft zich tot het EHRM gewend met de klacht dat hij geen behoorlijke en effectieve mogelijkheid heeft gehad om de getuigen [getuigen 1] , [getuigen 2] en [getuigen 3] te ondervragen, terwijl het bewijs voor de bewezenverklaarde feiten door het gerechtshof Arnhem-Leeuwarden in beslissende mate is ontleend aan de verklaringen van deze drie getuigen. In hoger beroep was namens de aangever tweemaal een verzoek gedaan tot het horen van deze getuigen. Het eerste verzoek werd afgewezen omdat het niet was gedaan bij appelschriftuur binnen veertien dagen na het instellen van het hoger beroep, maar eerst op 8 september 2017 per faxbrief aan de advocaat-generaal. Het tweede verzoek volgde later, en wel op de terechtzitting in hoger beroep van 18 september 2017, maar werd afgewezen omdat volgens het hof de noodzaak van het horen van deze getuigen niet was gebleken; het hof had geen reden te twijfelen aan de juistheid van de verklaringen, mede gelet op de steun die deze verklaringen in de overige bewijsmiddelen vonden. Het hof oordeelde dat aan de eisen van een eerlijk proces was voldaan, daar de verdediging een behoorlijke en effectieve mogelijkheid had gehad om de getuigen te ondervragen, maar daarvan niet tijdig gebruik had gemaakt, en er geen sprake was van een situatie waarin de door de getuigen afgelegde verklaringen als ‘sole or decisive’ bewijs hadden te gelden.
8. Het EHRM heeft, onder verwijzing naar zijn eerdere uitspraken in respectievelijk (en kort gezegd) de zaken Al-Khawaja and Tahery van 20 januari 2009 (nrs. 26766/05 en 22228/06, §§ 118-147), Schatschaschwili van 15 december 2015 (no. 9154/10, §§ 38-51)en Keskin van 19 januari 2021 (no. 2205/16, §§ 38-51) unaniem geoordeeld dat in de voorliggende zaak sprake is van schending van art. 6, eerste lid en derde lid, EVRM. Met toepassing van de bekende ‘three-step approach’ overweegt het EHRM met betrekking tot de voorliggende zaak het volgende:
“A. Whether there was good reason for the non-attendance of the witnesses at trial
10. As to whether there was good reason for the non-attendance of the witnesses at trial and, consequently, for the admission of the absent witnesses’ untested statement in evidence, the Court notes that the rejection of the request to cross-examine the witnesses was based on the fact that the applicant’s counsel had not submitted it in time and because there was no reason to doubt the accuracy of the witness statements.
11. The Court reiterates that if the prosecution has decided that a particular person is a relevant source of information and relies on his or her testimony at the trial, and that testimony is used to support a conviction, it must be presumed that his or her appearance and questioning are necessary (see Keskin, cited above, § 56).
12. Regarding the foregoing, it cannot be said that the Court of Appeal established good factual or legal grounds for not securing the attendance of the prosecution witnesses.
B. Whether the evidence ofthe absent witnesses was “sole or decisive”
13. As to whether the evidence of the absent witnesses was the sole or decisive basis for the defendant’s conviction:
The statements made by the three witnesses were not the sole basis for the defendant’s conviction. The Court of Appeal did use other evidence (the tenancy agreement and by a police report confirming that the house was the property of the housing association). However, having regard to the considerations in relation to the evidence employed by the appellate court, the Court considers that the evidence of the absent witnesses was of such significance or importance as is likely to have been determinative of the outcome of the case.
C. Whether there were sufficient counterbalancing factors to compensate for the handicaps under which the defence laboured
14. As to whether there were sufficient counterbalancing factors, including strong procedural safeguards, to compensate for the handicaps faced by the defence as a result of the admission of the untested evidence and to ensure that the trial, assessed as a whole, was fair:
In the judgment of the Court of Appeal the statements by the three witnesses were listed along with the other evidence substantiating the applicant’s guilt. There is no indication that the Court of Appeal was aware of the reduced evidentiary value of the untested witness statements. Further, one of the reasons given by the Court of Appeal in rejecting the applicant’s request to examine the witnesses was that there was no reason to doubt the accuracy of their statements. However, it does not transpire from the minutes of the hearing or from the reasoning in its judgment why the Court of Appeal considered that evidence to be reliable. As stated above, there was additional incriminating evidence supporting the witness statements. As for procedural measures aimed at compensating the lack of an opportunity to directly cross-examine the witnesses at trial, it should be noted that the applicant did have the opportunity to give his own version of events during the trial. However, the Court considers that an opportunity to challenge and rebut absent witnesses’ statements is of limited use in a situation where a defendant has been denied the possibility to cross-examine the witnesses, and moreover it has repeatedly held that such an opportunity cannot, of itself, be regarded as a sufficient counterbalancing factor to compensate for the handicap for the defence created by the witnesses’ absence (see Keskin, cited above, § 68). No other procedural measures were taken. Having regard to the above, the Court finds that it cannot be said that there were sufficient counterbalancing factors to compensate for the handicaps under which the defence laboured.
15. In those circumstances, the lack of an opportunity for the applicant to cross-examine the prosecution witnesses or have them examined at any stage of the proceedings rendered the trial as a whole unfair.
16. There has accordingly been a violation of Article 6 §§ 1 and 3 of the Convention.”