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A. The circumstances of the case
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By letter of 27 May 1997 the applicant was informed that, following information provided by the police on 7 April 1997, the Minister of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (Minister van Verkeer en Waterstaat; hereinafter “the Minister”) had decided that the applicant should be subjected to an Educational Measure Alcohol and Traffic
(Educatieve Maatregel Alcohol en Verkeer; hereinafter ‘EMA’). He was further informed that the costs of this measure, i.e. NLG. 500, were to be paid by himself. He was warned that a failure to co-operate in respect of the EMA would result in declaring his driving licence invalid.
The applicant’s objection (bezwaar) against the decision of 27 May 1997 was rejected by the Minister. The applicant was informed of this by letter of 15 October 1997.
The applicant filed an appeal against this rejection with the Haarlem Regional Court, which was rejected by the President of this court by judgment of 27 January 1998.
The applicant filed an appeal against the judgment of 27 January 1998 with the Administrative Jurisdiction Division (Afdeling Bestuursrechtspraak) of the Council of State (Raad van State). Relying on Article 6 of the Convention under its criminal head, he argued that the imposition of the EMA constituted a double punishment or punitive measure since the criminal court had already dealt with his case. He further complained that, as his driving licence had already been returned to him, the imposition of the EMA constituted undue hardship. He further complained of unequal treatment as persons in whom a higher alcohol percentage is found are not subject to an EMA imposition, but are subjected to a medical examination.
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THE LAW
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As to the applicant’s complaints under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention, the Court considers that the first question that arises is whether or not a “criminal charge” was in issue in the present case. In ascertaining whether there was a “criminal charge”, the Court has regard to three criteria: the legal classification of the measure in question in national law, the very nature of the measure, and the nature and degree of severity of the “penalty” (cf. Escoubet v. Belgium [GC], no. 26780/95, § 32, ECHR 1999-VII).
The Court notes that the EMA is not a measure imposed under criminal law, but a measure governed by administrative law provisions. Classification in domestic law is not, however, decisive for the purposes of the Convention, having regard to the autonomous and substantive meaning to be given to the term “criminal charge” (cf. Demicoli v. Malta judgment of 27 August 1991, Series A no. 210, pp. 15-16, § 31).
The Court further notes that the EMA, as indicated by its very title, has an educational character in that it appears to be aimed at raising, by teaching sessions, the awareness of a specific category of holders of a driving licence about the dangers of driving under the influence of alcohol.
As to the nature and degree of severity of the “penalty”, the Court recalls that the concept of a “penalty” in Article 7 of the Convention, like the concept of a “criminal charge” in Article 6 § 1 of the Convention, is an autonomous one and that, in assessing this issue, the Court is not bound by the indications furnished by domestic law, which have only a relative value. It is for the Court to determine whether the application of the EMA had the de facto effect of bringing a “criminal charge” against the applicant on account of its nature and repercussions (cf. Escoubet v. Belgium, loc. cit., § 35).
As to the nature of the EMA, the Court notes that the relevant statutory and secondary rules do not presuppose any finding of guilt. Although the application of the rules governing the EMA may be triggered off by the results of an alcohol test taken by the police from the person concerned, its application is totally independent of any criminal proceedings which may be brought in relation to the results of this alcohol test taken.
The imposition of an EMA appears to be a measure aimed at securing the safety of both the person concerned as well as other road-users, in that it is designed to raise the awareness of the person concerned of the dangers of driving under the influence of alcohol. The Court considers that it should be compared with the procedure of issuing a driving licence, which is undoubtedly an administrative procedure, and which is aimed at ensuring that a driver possesses the required skills and knowledge of the relevant traffic rules for driving on a public road, and realises the importance of responsible and correct conduct on the public road. Where the conduct of a driver holding a licence gives rise to doubts as to these elements, the Court cannot regard it as unreasonable that such a person is required to follow a refresher course in order to remedy the shortcomings found.
This is not altered by the fact that the costs of an EMA are to be borne by the person concerned. The Court considers that these costs, as well as the obligation to make 3½ days available to attend this course, are to be compared to the time and costs spent on lessons or examinations to be taken by persons seeking to obtain a driving licence. The Court cannot find that these elements are sufficient for allowing the EMA to be classified as a “criminal penalty”. It is furthermore not altered by the fact that, in case of failure to comply with an EMA, the Minister may decide to declare a driving licence invalid as this can be compared with failing to pay for or to take an examination for the purposes of obtaining a driving licence. The Court is of the opinion that to declare a driving licence invalid on such grounds is to be distinguished from disqualification for driving, as the latter is a measure ordered by the criminal court in the context of, and after the outcome of, a criminal prosecution. In such a case, the criminal court assesses and qualifies the facts constituting the offence which may give rise to disqualification, before imposing this as a secondary penalty for a period it deems appropriate.”
De eis dat de kosten van de EMA kostendekkend moeten zijn