Gelet op het voorgaande is de rechtbank van oordeel dat de BMA-advisering voorafgaand aan het in beroep bestreden besluit niet voldoet aan de daaraan te stellen eisen voor wat betreft zorgvuldigheid en motivering. Verweerder heeft daarom in onvoldoende mate voldaan aan zijn vergewisplicht. Dit betekent dat het bestreden besluit niet op zorgvuldige wijze is voorbereid en gemotiveerd in het licht van de door de behandelaars van eiseres 1 en de contra-expert gegeven concrete informatie. Aan het bestreden besluit kleeft dan ook een gebrek wegens strijd met artikelen 3:2 en 7:12 Algemene wet bestuursrecht (Awb). Reeds hierom dient het besluit te worden vernietigd.
5. Uit het oogpunt van finale geschilbeslechting zal de rechtbank wel de overige beroepsgronden bespreken. Deze richten zich op het arrest Paposhvili en vormden voor verweerder aanleiding om het beroep nogmaals ter zitting te behandelen.
In het arrest Paposhvili heeft het EHRM (onder meer) het volgende overwogen:
“180. However, in its judgment in
Aswat v. the United Kingdom(no. 17299/12, § 49, 16 April 2013), the Court reached a different conclusion, finding that the applicant’s extradition to the United States, where he was being prosecuted for terrorist activities, would entail ill‑treatment, in particular because the conditions of detention in the maximum security prison where he would be placed were liable to aggravate his paranoid schizophrenia. The Court held that the risk of significant deterioration in the applicant’s mental and physical health was sufficient to give rise to a breach of Article 3 of the Convention (ibid., § 57).
(…)
185. Accordingly, in cases of this kind, the authorities’ obligation under Article 3 to protect the integrity of the persons concerned is fulfilled primarily through appropriate procedures allowing such examination to be carried out (see,
mutatis mutandis,
El-Masri v. the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia[GC], no. 39630/09, § 182, ECHR 2012;
Tarakhel, cited above, § 104; and
F.G. v. Sweden, cited above, § 117).
186. In the context of these procedures, it is for the applicants to adduce evidence capable of demonstrating that there are substantial grounds for believing that, if the measure complained of were to be implemented, they would be exposed to a real risk of being subjected to treatment contrary to Article 3 (see
Saadi, cited above, § 129, and
F.G. v. Sweden, cited above, § 120). In this connection it should be observed that a certain degree of speculation is inherent in the preventive purpose of Article 3 and that it is not a matter of requiring the persons concerned to provide clear proof of their claim that they would be exposed to proscribed treatment (see, in particular,
Trabelsi v. Belgium, no. 140/10, § 130, ECHR 2014 (extracts)).
187. Where such evidence is adduced, it is for the authorities of the returning State, in the context of domestic procedures, to dispel any doubts raised by it (see
Saadi, cited above, § 129, and
F.G. v. Sweden, cited above, § 120). The risk alleged must be subjected to close scrutiny (see
Saadi,cited above, § 128;
Sufi and Elmi v. the United Kingdom, nos. 8319/07 and 11449/07, § 214, 28 June 2011;
Hirsi Jamaa and Others, cited above, § 116; and
Tarakhel, cited above, § 104) in the course of which the authorities in the returning State must consider the foreseeable consequences of removal for the individual concerned in the receiving State, in the light of the general situation there and the individual’s personal circumstances (see
Vilvarajah and Others, cited above, § 108;
El-Masri, cited above, § 213; and
Tarakhel, cited above, § 105). The assessment of the risk as defined above (see paragraphs 183-84) must therefore take into consideration general sources such as reports of the World Health Organisation or of reputable non-governmental organisations and the medical certificates concerning the person in question.
188. As the Court has observed above (see paragraph 173), what is in issue here is the negative obligation not to expose persons to a risk of ill‑treatment proscribed by Article 3. It follows that the impact of removal on the person concerned must be assessed by comparing his or her state of health prior to removal and how it would evolve after transfer to the receiving State.
189. As regards the factors to be taken into consideration, the authorities in the returning State must verify on a case-by-case basis whether the care generally available in the receiving State is sufficient and appropriate in practice for the treatment of the applicant’s illness so as to prevent him or her being exposed to treatment contrary to Article 3 (see paragraph 183 above). The benchmark is not the level of care existing in the returning State; it is not a question of ascertaining whether the care in the receiving State would be equivalent or inferior to that provided by the health-care system in the returning State. Nor is it possible to derive from Article 3 a right to receive specific treatment in the receiving State which is not available to the rest of the population.
190. The authorities must also consider the extent to which the individual in question will actually have access to this care and these facilities in the receiving State. The Court observes in that regard that it has previously questioned the accessibility of care (see
Aswat, cited above, § 55, and
Tatar, cited above, §§ 47-49) and referred to the need to consider the cost of medication and treatment, the existence of a social and family network, and the distance to be travelled in order to have access to the required care (see
Karagoz v. France(dec.), no. 47531/99, 15 November 2001;
N. v. the United Kingdom, cited above, §§ 34-41, and the references cited therein; and
E.O. v. Italy(dec.), cited above).
191. Where, after the relevant information has been examined, serious doubts persist regarding the impact of removal on the persons concerned – on account of the general situation in the receiving country and/or their individual situation – the returning State must obtain individual and sufficient assurances from the receiving State, as a precondition for removal, that appropriate treatment will be available and accessible to the persons concerned so that they do not find themselves in a situation contrary to Article 3 (on the subject of individual assurances, see
Tarakhel, cited above, § 120).”