Uitspraak
- haar identiteit, nationaliteit en herkomst;
- haar problemen door (toegedichte) betrokkenheid bij de Gülenbeweging.
diffuse en slechte situatie die gekenmerkt wordt door willekeur jegens (toegedichte) Gülen-aanhangers van de zijde van de Turkse autoriteiten”.
I. De getalsmatige daling in het aantal vervolgingen van (vermeende) Gülenisten
De Turkse autoriteiten maakten gelijk duidelijk dat hun strijd tegen de Gülenbeweging onverdroten zou doorgaan. Op 21 oktober 2024 deelde Hakan Fidan, de Turkse minister van Buitenlandse Zaken, mee dat de Turkse regering niet zou verslappen in de bestrijding van de Gülenbeweging. Op dezelfde dag riep het Turkse ministerie van Defensie de volgelingen van Gülen op om zich over te geven aan de Turkse overheid. Begin november 2024 woonde president Erdoğan een topbijeenkomst bij van de Organisatie van Turkse Staten in de Kirgizische hoofdstad Bisjkek. Daar zei hij: ‘Onze strijd tegen alle vormen van terrorisme, in het bijzonder tegen FETÖ, zal ononderbroken doorgaan’.” [8]
the fight against FETÖ continues until there is not a single person affiliated with the movement among the personnel of the armed forces” [9]
We defeated traitors during the 2013 probes and on July 15, but we have not yet completely removed the FETÖ virus from the body.” [10]
burgers die (financiële) steun geven aan gevangengezette Gülenisten en/of hun familieleden”. Deze personen worden door de Turkse overheid verdacht van het ‘herstructureren’ van de Gülenbeweging [22] . Ook hoogleraar Vande Lanotte maakt melding van de verdenking van ‘herstructurering’ [23] . Vande Lanotte beschrijft dat sinds enige tijd ook personen die hulp bieden aan gedetineerde Gülenisten in de negatieve aandacht staan van de autoriteiten en dat zij worden vervolgd op beschuldiging van het ‘herstructureren’ van de Gülenbeweging.
family members of those still in prison as well as those individuals, either in Turkey or abroad, whose sentences have not yet been finalized, their family members and their ‘close circle’.” [26]
dat de meerderheid van (vermeende) Gülenisten inmiddels strafrechtelijk was vervolgd dan wel uitgeweken naar het buitenland” [35] . Volgens een delegatie van de Europese Unie die Turkije heeft bezocht, is de daling het gevolg van het feit dat de meest zichtbare Gülenisten in de Turkse samenleving al waren ontslagen dan wel strafrechtelijk onderzocht en vervolgd. [36]
an unprecedented number of people having already been arrested”, en wat betreft de gedwongen ontslagen dat “
almost all the civil servants associated with the movement were dismissed under the decree laws”. [38]
dat de Turkse regering haar negatieve aandacht had verlegd van de Gülenbeweging naar de Koerdische beweging en de lhbtiq+ gemeenschap”. [39]
II. Minder willekeur in de vervolging van (vermeende) Gülenisten
- has used or downloaded the ByLock messaging application
- has deposited money or possessed a bank or credit card in Bank Asya or used one of its payment terminals
- has been denounced anonymously or his or her name appears in secret witness statements
- has attended the Gülen movement’s religious gatherings (sohbets)
- has served in an executive role or as a member in an association that has been either closed or dissolved during the State of Emergency on the basis of its alleged connection to the Gülen movement
- has served in an executive role or as a member in a trade union that has been either closed or dissolved during the State of Emergency on the basis of its alleged connection to the Gülen movement
- has been a shareholder, manager or employee in companies and other legal persons, including schools, universities, hospitals, media outlets, publishing houses that have been closed down or seized under the State of Emergency for their alleged ties with the Gülen movement
- has subscribed to newspapers or magazines dissolved or seized during the State of Emergency on the basis of its alleged connection to the Gülen movement
- has been in possession of copies of the above-mentioned newspapers or magazines or books, CDs or DVDS issued by publishing houses closed, dissolved or seized because of their alleged connections to the Gülen movement
- has studied in schools or universities or resided in dormitories closed during the State of Emergency for their alleged connections to the Gülen movement or sent his or her children to these educational institutions
- has travelled abroad
- has followed certain accounts on social media or shared articles critical of the AKP government
- has donated to relief organisations associated with the Gülen movement
- has resided in hotels associated with the Gülen movement
- has been found to be in possession of a one-dollar (USD) banknote
- has cancelled their subscription to the digital TV platform DIGITURK after its decision to end the broadcasting of seven television channels allegedly connected to the Gülen movement
- has participated in protests reacting to the Turkish government’s takeover of (Gülen movement linked) the newspaper Zaman and Samanyolu TV or made press statements protesting the government’s actions
- has expressed support for the opposition parties or criticised the Turkish government for human rights violations
- has been associated with the so-called “restructuring” of the Gülen movement’s structures or, in general, with assisting those associated with the movement financially or otherwise
- has made consecutive calls from payphones connected to the activities of the Gülen movement’s members
- has a family member who has downloaded the ByLock messaging application
- has been mentioned in a ByLock correspondence without their knowing and without using the software themselves
- has participated in the Gülen movement’s religious conversations and programs
- has authored books published by the Gülen movement’s publishing houses and/or about Fethullah Gülen
- has been mentioned in an intelligence report
- has been in contact with people influential in the Gülen movement
- has participated in a demonstration or written an article critical of the Turkish government
- Police or secret service reports
- Information received from work colleagues or from neighbours
- Rapid promotion in the public service or military
extreem willekeurig en onvoorspelbaar” en is er geen duidelijkheid over de criteria die daarbij door de Turkse autoriteiten worden gehanteerd. Human Rights Watch vermoedt dat deze willekeur het gevolg is van niveauverschillen bij de politie en veiligheidsdiensten op lokaal niveau. In sommige districten zijn de autoriteiten eenvoudigweg goed in staat iedereen op te pakken en in andere niet. [43] Een voor het ambtsbericht 2025 gesproken vertrouwelijke bron bevestigt de willekeur in vervolging. [44]
all-pervasive sense of randomness with regard to how even a person without any ties to the movement can be subjected to investigation". [45] Dit laatste wordt door een andere expert beaamd: “
For example, just being a friend of a convicted person can be seen as a sign of affiliation with the movement and in these cases, simply meeting a friend can be dangerous.” [46] Weer een andere expert benoemt de normale achtergrond (ordinary background) van de mensen die door de Turkse autoriteiten zijn vervolgd voor Gülenisme. Volgens deze expert was bijna niemand van de veroordeelden op een eerder moment met justitie in aanraking gekomen. [47]
- overheidsdienaren en leden van de veiligheidsdiensten;
- individuen die eerder een sepot hebben gekregen dan wel zijn vrijgesproken of een deel van hun straf niet hebben uitgezeten terzake Gülenisme;
- operaties tegen “herstructureren” van de Gülenbeweging;
- individuen die betrokken zijn bij het zogenaamde “payphone investigation”;
- individuen die na de coup van 2016 de leeftijd van strafrechtelijke verantwoordelijkheid hebben bereikt;
- mensenrechtenactivisten, mensen die het (juridisch) hebben opgenomen voor Gülenisten en critici van de Turkse overheid;
- zakenlieden.
III. Meer bescherming door de rechterlijke autoriteiten
continued deterioration of the independence of the judiciary” en dat de Turkse overheid deze zorgen niet beantwoordt. [52] Ook schrijft de Europese Commissie dat “
The serious backsliding observed since 2016 continued during the reporting period. Concerns remained, in particular the systemic lack of independence of the judiciary and undue pressure on judges and prosecutors. Particular concerns relating to the judiciary’s adherence to international and European standards increased, in particular in relation to the refusal to implement rulings by the European Court of Human Rights.” [53]
“Judicial independence has been severely compromised, as thousands of judges and prosecutors have been replaced with government loyalists since 2016 (…). The Constitutional Court has shown some independence since 2019 but is not free form political influence and often delivers rulings in line with AKP interests” [54]
“Observers noted prosecutors and courts often failed to establish sufficient evidence to sustain indictments and convictions in cases related to supporting terrorism, highlighting concerns regarding respect for due process and adherence to credible evidentiary thresholds. In numerous cases, authorities used secret evidence or witnesses to which defense attorneys and the accused had no accesss or ability to cross-examine and challenge in court, particularly in cases related to national security.” [55]
“exert strong control over the media, courts and most state institutions, regularly sidelining or punishing perceived government critics. Political divisions and power struggle within Türkiye top courts and increasing reports of corruption within the state and judiciary have further undermined human rights and the rule of law.” [56]
connection (iltisak) to a terrorist organisation” heeft deze willekeur volgens deze expert in de hand gewerkt nu het niet duidelijk is wat deze term inhoudt. [72]
Family members of people convicted due to their alleged association with the Gülen movement have been discriminated against. Relatives working in the public sector might have lost out on a promotion (…).” [73] . Hieruit volgt dus niet dat enkel bij ontslag sprake is van negatieve aandacht.