Voetnoten
1.Verordening (EU) Nr. 604/2013 (L 180/31).
2.Handvest van de Grondrechten van de Europese Unie 2012/C 326/02.
4.Beschikking van de President van het Hof van 15 maart 2022 in de zaak C-614/21, ECLI:EU:C:2022:252, Beschikking van de President van het Hof van 20 mei 2022 in de zaak C-208/22.
5.Arrest van het EHRM van 21 januari 2011, M.S.S. tegen België en Griekenland, ECLI:CE:ECHR:2011:0121JUD003069609.
6.Arrest van het Hof 19 maart 2019 in de zaak Jawo, ECLI:EU:C:2019:218.
7.Arrest van het Hof van 19 maart 2019 in de zaak Jawo, ECLI:EU:C:2019:218.
8.Arrest van het Hof van 19 maart 2019 in de zaak Jawo, ECLI:EU:C:2019:218.
9.Fundamental Rights Agency, Migration: Fundamental Rights Issues at Land Borders, 31 October 2020, para. 4.2.
10.The European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR), Report for the Special Rapporteur on pushback practices and their impact on the human rights of migrants at European land borders.
11.European Council on Refugees and Exiles, Asylum Information Database, Asylum Adjourned – the situation for international protection in 2020, Special Rapporteur on the rights of migrants
12.UNHRC, Report on means to address the human rights impact of pushbacks of migrants on land and at sea, 12 May 2021.
13.Commissioner for Human Rights, Council of Europe, A distress call for human rights: the widening gap in migrant protection in the Mediterranean, March 2021.
14.Verklaring EU-Turkije, 18 maart 2016.
15.Memorandum of understanding on cooperation in the fields of development, the fight against illegal immigration, human trafficking, and fuel smuggling and on reinforcing the security of borders between the State of Libya and the Italian Republic, 2 February 2017.
16.Verklaring van Malta, 3 februari 2017.
17.Verklaring over de situatie in Afghanistan, 31 augustus 2021, Raad van de Europese Unie, 11385/21, de EU-ministers van Binnenlandse Zaken.
18.zie bijvoorbeeld het arrest van 20 juli 2021, EHRM, D v. Bulgaria, application no. 29447/17, ECLI:CE:ECHR:2021:0720JUD002944717.
19.Resolution 2299 (2019) Parlementaire Vergadering van de Raad van Europa, 28 juni 2019.
20.European Union Agency for Fundamental Human Rights, Migration: key fundamental rights concerns, quarterly bulletin, 1 July 2021 – 30 September 2021.
21.Amnesty International – Poland/Belarus: Protect Afghans stuck at border, 25 augustus 2021.
22.UNHCR – UNHCR and IOM shocked and dismayed by deaths near Belarus-Poland border, 21 september 2021.
23.Asylum Information Database – Country Report: Poland, 2021 Update, information up-to-date as of 31 December 2021.
24.Commissioner for Human Rights Council of Europe – Pushed beyond the limits. Four areas for urgent action to end human rights violations at Europe’s borders, April 2022.
25.Grupa Granica – Humanitarian crisis at the Polish-Belarusian border, December 10, 2021.
26.Amnesty International Public Statement – Poland: Cruelty not compassion, at Europe’s other borders, EUR 37/5460/2022, 11 april 2022.
27.Human Rights Watch, June 7, 2022, Violence and Pushbacks at Poland-Belarus Border.
28.Human Rights Watch, December 3, 2021. Asylum Rights Thrown into a Frozen Ditch on Poland-Belarus Border.
29.Human Rights Watch, November 24, 2021, Belarus/Poland: Abuse, Pushbacks at Border.
30.Commissioner for Human Rights Council of Europe, 19 November 2021, Commissioner calls for immediate access of international and national human rights actors and media to Poland’s border with Belarus to end human suffering and violations of human rights.
31.European Parliament, Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs – Mission report following the joint LIBE-AFCO fact-finding mission to Warsaw, Poland 21 -23 February 2022, March 31, 2022.
32.Amnesty International Public Statement – Poland: Cruelty not compassion, at Europe’s other borders, EUR 37/5460/2022, 11 april 2022.
33.OSCE – Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Urgent Opinion on Draft Amendments to the Aliens Act and the Act on Granting Protection to Aliens on the Territory of the Republic of Poland and Ministerial Regulation on Temporary Suspension of Border Traffic at Certain Border Crossings – 10 September 2021.
34.European Council on Refugees and Exiles – Poland: Parliament Approves “Legalisation” of Pushbacks, Council of Ministers Adopt Bill to Construct Border Wall, Another Life is Lost at Border with Belarus, 15 October 2021.
35.Joint Submission to the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture, in preparation for its 2022 visit to Poland, Association for Legal Intervention and Global Detention Project, March 2022.
36.European Parliament, Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs – Mission report following the joint LIBE-AFCO fact-finding mission to Warsaw, Poland 21 -23 February 2022, March 31, 2022.
37.Amnesty International Public Statement – Poland: Cruelty not compassion, at Europe’s other borders, EUR 37/5460/2022, 11 april 2022.
38.Amnesty International – Polen/Belarus: nieuw bewijs van mishandelingen toont hypocrisie van ongelijke behandeling asielzoekers, 11 april 2022.
39.European Parliament, Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs – Mission report following the joint LIBE-AFCO fact-finding mission to Warsaw, Poland 21 -23 February 2022, March 31, 2022.
40.ECHR, judgement of 15 March 2022, Grzęda v. Poland [GC] - 43572/18, ECLI:CE:ECHR:2022:0315JUD004357218.
41.European Parliament, Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs – Mission report following the joint LIBE-AFCO fact-finding mission to Warsaw, Poland 21 -23 February 2022, March 31, 2022.
42.Zie bijvoorbeeld het arrest van het EHRM van 23 februari 2012, Hirsi Jamaa e.a. tegen Italië, ECLI:CE:ECHR:2012:0223JUD002776509, het arrest van het EHRM van 23 juli 2020, M.K. e.a. tegen Polen, ECLI:CE:ECHR:2020:0723JUD004050317 en het arrest van het EHRM van 8 juli 2021, D.A. tegen Polen (nr. 51246/17), ECLI:CE:ECHR:2021:0708JUD005124617.
43.Amiri and Others v Poland, ECHRR 244 (20.21).
44.R.A. and others v. Poland (no. 42120/21)
45.Third party intervention by the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights under Article 36, paragraph 3, of the European Convention on Human Rights R.A. and others v. Poland (no. 42120/21), 27 January 2022.
46.UNHCR - Submission by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in the case of R.A. and Others v. Poland (Appl. No. 41220/21) before the European Court of Human Rights, February 2022.
47.Interim Measure ECHR 22 February 2022, application no. 8637/22, M.M. and Others v. Greece, Aegean Boat Report – Groundbreaking decision in our first pushback case before de European Court of Human Rights.
48.Committee of Ministers Council of Europe, 1436Th meeting, 8 -10 June 2022 (DH), CM/Notes/1436/H46-17.
49.Commissioner for Human Rights Council of Europe – Pushed beyond the limits. Four areas for urgent action to end human rights violations at Europe’s borders, April 2022
50.Arrest van het Hof van 22 februari 2022 in de zaak XXXX tegen België, C-483/20, ECLI:EU:C:2022:103, rechtsoverweging 36.
52.Asylum Information Database, Country Report: Poland, 2021 Update.
53.zaaknummers C-254/21, C-228-21,C-297/21, C-315-21 en C-328-21
54.Laying the Foundations for Recovery: Poland's recovery and resilience plan, June 2022.
55.European Commission - Press release NextGenerationEU: European Commission endorses Poland's €35.4 billion recovery and resilience plan, Brussels, 1 June 2022.
56.Adviescommissie voor Vreemdelingenzaken – EU-grenzen zijn ook onze grenzen. Nederlandse verantwoordelijkheid voor mensenrechten aan de EU-buitengrenzen en effectieve rechtsbescherming, januari 2022.
57.Commissie Meijers, gespreksnotitie Rondetafelgesprek Pushbacks: ”Wat kan Nederland doen om pushbacks tegen te gaan?”, 12 januari 2022, Prof. dr. Jorrit Rijpma en dr. Melanie Fink (Universiteit Leiden), namens de Commissie Meijers.
58.Kamervragen vluchtelingen aan grens Polen en Belarus, SDU Nieuws Vreemdelingenrecht, 2021/1902, 28 oktober 2021.
59.Open Letter to the European Commission regarding Polish National Council of the Judiciary, 7 juni 2022,
60.Brief 8 juni 2022,
61.NVVR Nieuws, 10 juni 2022, Grote zorgen om voorstel Polen 36 miljard Euro uit te keren uit EU Coronaherstelfonds, Nederlandse Vereniging voor Rechtspraak,
62.Arrest van 16 februari 2017 in de zaak C‑578/16 PPU, ECLI:EU:C:2017:127
63.Uitspraak van het EHRM van 18 november 2021, applications nos. 15670/18 and 43115/18, ECLI:CE:ECHR:2021:1118JUD001567018.
64.paragraaf 103-115 van de uitspraak van 18 november 2021, applications nos. 15670/18 and 43115/18, ECLI:CE:ECHR:2021:1118JUD001567018.
65.paragraaf 292 van de uitspraak van 18 november 2021, applications nos. 15670/18 and 43115/18, ECLI:CE:ECHR:2021:1118JUD001567018.
66.uitspraak van het EHRM van 23 juli 2020, nos. 40503/17 and 2 others, ECLI:CE:ECHR:2020:0723JUD004050317.
67.Uitvoeringsverordening (EU) nr. 118/2014 van de Commissie van 30 januari 2014 tot wijziging van Verordening (EG) nr. 1560/2003 houdende uitvoeringsbepalingen van Verordening (EG) nr. 343/2003 van de Raad tot vaststelling van de criteria en instrumenten om te bepalen welke lidstaat verantwoordelijk is voor de behandeling van een asielverzoek dat door een onderdaan van een derde land bij een van de lidstaten wordt ingediend (PB L 39 van 8.2.2014, blz. 1-43
68.European Union Agency for Asylum, voorheen European Asylum Support Office (EASO).
69.uitspraak van 17 maart 2016 in de zaak C-63/15, ECLI:EU:C:2016:409 waarin de prejudiciële vragen van de rechtbank, deze zittingsplaats, zijn beantwoord (ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2015:1004). 70.EASO, Judicial analysis Asylum procedures and the principle of non-refoulement, 2018.
71.zie bijvoorbeeld García Ruiz v Spain [ no 30544 96 §§ 28 29 ECHR 1999 I] en Bykov v Russia [ 10 03 2009 § 88).